Table 4 Causal effects of educational attainment, intelligence, and income on COVID-19 outcomes in multivariable MR analyses
Exposure | Outcome | N_IV | b (se) | OR (95%CI) | P | FDR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EA | SARS-CoV-2 infection | 603 | -0.17 (0.04) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 1.44E-04 | 0.0013 |
Income | SARS-CoV-2 infection | 49 | 0.12 (0.05) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 0.022 | 0.039 |
Intelligence | SARS-CoV-2 infection | 143 | -0.09 (0.03) | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 2.33E-03 | 0.007 |
EA | Hospitalized COVID-19 | 601 | -0.23 (0.10) | 0.79 (0.65–0.96) | 0.020 | 0.039 |
Income | Hospitalized COVID-19 | 49 | -0.08 (0.12) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.516 | 0.580 |
Intelligence | Hospitalized COVID-19 | 143 | -0.07 (0.07) | 0.93 (0.82–1.07) | 0.333 | 0.429 |
EA | Critical COVID-19 | 605 | -0.46 (0.14) | 0.63 (0.48–0.84) | 1.52E-03 | 0.00684 |
Income | Critical COVID-19 | 49 | -0.07 (0.17) | 0.94 (0.67–1.31) | 0.700 | 0.700 |
Intelligence | Critical COVID-19 | 143 | 0.13 (0.10) | 1.14 (0.93–1.39) | 0.200 | 0.300 |