Table 3 Causal effects of educational attainment, intelligence, and income on COVID-19 outcomes in univariable MR analyses
Exposure | Outcome | Method | b (se) | OR [95%CI] | N_IV | P_IV | Q | Q_P | I2 | Egger_ intercept | P_ pleiotropy | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EA | SARS-CoV-2 infection | IVW | -0.155 (0.017) | 0.86 [0.83–0.89] | 670 | 5.00E-08 | 8.24E + 02 | 3.50E-05 | 0.189 | NA | NA | 3.67E-20 |
EA | SARS-CoV-2 infection | WM | -0.159 (0.023) | 0.85 [0.82–0.89] | 670 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.27E-12 |
EA | SARS-CoV-2 infection | MR‒Egger | -0.113 (0.064) | 0.89 [0.79–1.01] | 670 | 5.00E-08 | 8.24E + 02 | 3.32E-05 | 0.188 | -0.001 | 0.499 | 0.078 |
EA | hospitalized COVID-19 | IVW | -0.350 (0.038) | 0.70 [0.65–0.76] | 667 | 5.00E-08 | 9.17E + 02 | 3.04E-10 | 0.274 | NA | NA | 1.07E-19 |
EA | hospitalized COVID-19 | WM | -0.324 (0.052) | 0.72 [0.65–0.80] | 667 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.00E-10 |
EA | hospitalized COVID-19 | MR‒Egger | -0.288 (0.146) | 0.75 [0.56-1.00] | 667 | 5.00E-08 | 9.17E + 02 | 2.67E-10 | 0.274 | -0.001 | 0.661 | 0.05 |
EA | critical COVID-19 | IVW | -0.434 (0.054) | 0.65 [0.58–0.72] | 672 | 5.00E-08 | 8.25E + 02 | 4.18E-05 | 0.187 | NA | NA | 1.46E-15 |
EA | critical COVID-19 | WM | -0.474 (0.076) | 0.62 [0.54–0.72] | 672 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.06E-10 |
EA | critical COVID-19 | MR‒Egger | -0.452 (0.209) | 0.64 [0.42–0.96] | 672 | 5.00E-08 | 8.25E + 02 | 3.74E-05 | 0.187 | 0 | 0.932 | 0.031 |
Intelligence | SARS-CoV-2 infection | IVW | -0.123 (0.022) | 0.88 [0.85–0.92] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | 3.20E + 02 | 1.57E-06 | 0.343 | NA | NA | 3.20E-08 |
Intelligence | SARS-CoV-2 infection | WM | -0.139 (0.027) | 0.87 [0.83–0.92] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.65E-07 |
Intelligence | SARS-CoV-2 infection | MR‒Egger | -0.201 (0.101) | 0.82 [0.67-1.00] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | 3.19E + 02 | 1.50E-06 | 0.341 | 0.002 | 0.429 | 0.048 |
Intelligence | hospitalized COVID-19 | IVW | -0.226 (0.044) | 0.80 [0.73–0.87] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | 2.76E + 02 | 1.44E-03 | 0.24 | NA | NA | 3.75E-07 |
Intelligence | hospitalized COVID-19 | WM | -0.228 (0.061) | 0.80 [0.71–0.90] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.83E-04 |
Intelligence | hospitalized COVID-19 | MR‒Egger | -0.194 (0.202) | 0.82 [0.55–1.22] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | 2.76E + 02 | 1.24E-03 | 0.24 | -0.001 | 0.873 | 0.338 |
Intelligence | critical COVID-19 | IVW | -0.167 (0.068) | 0.85 [0.74–0.97] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | 2.92E + 02 | 1.45E-04 | 0.282 | NA | NA | 0.015 |
Intelligence | critical COVID-19 | WM | -0.151 (0.090) | 0.86 [0.72–1.03] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.093 |
Intelligence | critical COVID-19 | MR‒Egger | -0.163 (0.311) | 0.85 [0.46–1.56] | 211 | 5.00E-08 | 2.92E + 02 | 1.21E-04 | 0.282 | 0 | 0.991 | 0.6 |
income | SARS-CoV-2 infection | IVW | -0.088 (0.042) | 0.92 [0.84–0.99] | 89 | 5.00E-08 | 1.59E + 02 | 6.03E-06 | 0.445 | NA | NA | 0.035 |
income | SARS-CoV-2 infection | WM | -0.098 (0.049) | 0.91 [0.82-1.00] | 89 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.046 |
income | SARS-CoV-2 infection | MR‒Egger | 0.229 (0.185) | 1.26 [0.87–1.81] | 89 | 5.00E-08 | 1.53E + 02 | 1.57E-05 | 0.425 | -0.006 | 0.083 | 0.219 |
income | hospitalized COVID-19 | IVW | -0.243 (0.115) | 0.78 [0.63–0.98] | 89 | 5.00E-08 | 2.63E + 02 | 2.54E-19 | 0.665 | NA | NA | 0.034 |
income | hospitalized COVID-19 | WM | -0.326 (0.106) | 0.72 [0.59–0.89] | 89 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2.20E-03 |
income | hospitalized COVID-19 | MR‒Egger | 0.324 (0.504) | 1.38 [0.52–3.71] | 89 | 5.00E-08 | 2.59E + 02 | 5.57E-19 | 0.66 | -0.011 | 0.251 | 0.522 |
income | critical COVID-19 | IVW | -0.423 (0.166) | 0.65 [0.47–0.91] | 88 | 5.00E-08 | 2.36E + 02 | 1.25E-15 | 0.631 | NA | NA | 0.011 |
income | critical COVID-19 | WM | -0.676 (0.160) | 0.51 [0.37–0.70] | 88 | 5.00E-08 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2.28E-05 |
income | critical COVID-19 | MR‒Egger | 0.177 (0.748) | 1.19 [0.28–5.17] | 88 | 5.00E-08 | 2.34E + 02 | 1.36E-15 | 0.628 | -0.011 | 0.413 | 0.814 |