Fig. 4

Manhattan and QQ plots for genome-wide associations of molecular polymorphisms with variation in sensitivity to 4-methylimidazole for females (A, B), males (C, D), and the difference in the survival proportion of females and males (E, F). On the Manhattan plots (A, C, E), the x-axes show the Drosophila chromosome arms, and the horizontal dotted line designates the statistical threshold of P < (‒log₁₀(P) = 5). The red diagonal line in the QQ plots (B, D, F) is the expected P-value under the null hypothesis of no significant associations; the black points are the observed P-values