Fig. 5

Gene flow estimated among the Chinese Korean ethnic group and the reference populations. A Pairwise outgroup-f3 of the Chinese Korean ethnic group and the reference populations. The color gradient ranges from green to red, corresponding to outgroup-f3 values from low to high. The map shows the approximate geographic distribution for each population; B Pairwise outgroup-f3 of the Chinese Korean ethnic group and the East Asian reference populations; C–E Distribution of f4 values from Dstats tests under the model of [Mbuti, Korean_C; X, Y], where X represents the Han populations of different regions, Y represents different East Asian populations and the Mbuti population serves as an outgroup